Protohistory

百度与这份“通告”相对比不难发现，昨日公布的“意见”不再只是公积金中心一家单位“单打独斗”，而是拉来了建委、房产局、国土局、中国人民银行南京分行营业部等四家单位协同，在具体条款上也更细化，比如领取销许后房企与公积金中心签订贷款按揭协议的时间必须在10个工作日以内，而不是笼统的“及时签订”。

Protohistory is the period between prehistory and written history, during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures that have developed writing have noted the existence of those pre-literate groups in their own writings.

Protohistoric may also refer to the transition period between the advent of literacy in a society and the writings of the first historians. The preservation of oral traditions may complicate matters, as they can provide a secondary historical source for even earlier events. Colonial sites involving a literate group and a nonliterate group are also studied as protohistoric situations.

The term can also refer to a period in which fragmentary or external historical documents, not necessarily including a developed writing system, have been found. For instance, the Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea, the Yayoi,^[1] recorded by the Chinese, and the Mississippian groups, recorded by early European explorers, are protohistoric.

Use of term

In The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe,^[2] an article^[3] by Timothy Taylor stated:

Because of the existence in some but not all societies of historical writing during the first millennium BC, the period has often been termed 'protohistoric' instead of prehistoric. Of course, the understanding of the past gained through archaeology is broadly different in nature to understanding derived from historical texts. Having both sorts of evidence is a boon and a challenge.

—?Timothy Taylor, The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe

In the abstract of a later paper on "slavery in the first millennium Aegean, Carpatho-Balkan and Pontic regions",^[4] Taylor, primarily an archaeologist, stated,

I have taken the rather unusual step of trusting what the classical authors tell us they knew.

—?Timothy Taylor, The Archaeology of Slavery

For other examples, see also the writings of Brian M. Fagan on the protohistory of North America^[5] and the work of Muhammed Abdul Nayeem on that of the Arabian Peninsula.^[6]

Chronology

As with prehistory, determining when a culture may be considered prehistoric or protohistoric is sometimes difficult for anthropologists. Data varies considerably from culture to culture, region to region, and even from one system of reckoning dates to another.

In its simplest form, protohistory follows the same chronology as prehistory and is based on the technological advancement of a particular people with regard to metallurgy:

Copper Age, or Chalcolithic
The Bronze Age
The Iron Age

Civilizations and peoples

The best-known protohistoric civilizations and ethnic groups are those for whom the term was originally coined: the barbarian tribes mentioned by European and Asian writers. Many protohistoric peoples also feature in prehistory and in history:

References

^ Bahn, Paul (ed.) The Penguin Archaeology Guide Penguin Books Ltd (29 Nov 2001) ISBN 978-0-14-029308-1 p. 368
^ Cunliffe, Barry (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285441-4.
^ Taylor, Timothy (1994). "Thracians, Scythians and Dacians". In Cunliffe, Barry (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 373–410. ISBN 978-0-19-814385-7.
^ Timothy Taylor (2001). "Believing the Ancients: Quantitative and Qualitative Dimensions of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Later Prehistoric Eurasia". World Archaeology. 33 (1). World Archaeology, Vol. 33, No. 1, The Archaeology of Slavery (Jun., 2001), pp. 27–43: 27–43. doi:10.1080/00438240120047618. JSTOR 827887. S2CID 162250553.
^ Fagan, Brian (2005). Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent (4th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28532-9.
^ Nayeem, Muhammed Abdul, ed. (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula (5 volumes). Hyderabad: Hyderabad Pub.
^ "Alani". Encyclop?dia Britannica. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
^ Herodotus. "The Histories". Sacred Texts.
^ Sultzman, Lee. "Erie". Dick Shovel.
^ "Gaul - World History Encyclopedia". World History Encyclopedia.
^ Van Rhyn, G. A. F. (1879). "Germanic Races and Languages" . The American Cyclop?dia. Vol. VII.
^ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). Max Knight (ed.). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01596-7.
^ Kōzō, Yamamura; John Whitney Hall (1997). The Cambridge history of Japan. Cambridge University Press.
^ "Mid-America : an historical review". Internet Archive. p. 228. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
^ "Where are the Susquehannock". The Susquehannock Fire Ring. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2016.

[1] Bahn, Paul (ed.) The Penguin Archaeology Guide Penguin Books Ltd (29 Nov 2001) ISBN 978-0-14-029308-1 p. 368

[2] Cunliffe, Barry (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285441-4.

[3] Taylor, Timothy (1994). "Thracians, Scythians and Dacians". In Cunliffe, Barry (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 373–410. ISBN 978-0-19-814385-7.

[4] Timothy Taylor (2001). "Believing the Ancients: Quantitative and Qualitative Dimensions of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Later Prehistoric Eurasia". World Archaeology. 33 (1). World Archaeology, Vol. 33, No. 1, The Archaeology of Slavery (Jun., 2001), pp. 27–43: 27–43. doi:10.1080/00438240120047618. JSTOR 827887. S2CID 162250553.

[5] Fagan, Brian (2005). Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent (4th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28532-9.

[6] Nayeem, Muhammed Abdul, ed. (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula (5 volumes). Hyderabad: Hyderabad Pub.

[7] "Alani". Encyclop?dia Britannica. Retrieved March 12, 2016.

[8] Herodotus. "The Histories". Sacred Texts.

[9] Sultzman, Lee. "Erie". Dick Shovel.

[10] "Gaul - World History Encyclopedia". World History Encyclopedia.

[11] Van Rhyn, G. A. F. (1879). "Germanic Races and Languages" . The American Cyclop?dia. Vol. VII.

[12] Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). Max Knight (ed.). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01596-7.

[13] Kōzō, Yamamura; John Whitney Hall (1997). The Cambridge history of Japan. Cambridge University Press.

[14] "Mid-America : an historical review". Internet Archive. p. 228. Retrieved 2025-08-06.

[15] "Where are the Susquehannock". The Susquehannock Fire Ring. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2016.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

什么是沉香	眩晕停又叫什么	意志力什么意思	雨水是什么意思	双胞胎代表什么生肖
单身领养孩子需要什么条件	禾字五行属什么	为什么老是做梦	余的部首是什么	梦里见血代表什么预兆
睡觉做梦多是什么原因	子宫内膜6mm意味着什么	军五行属什么	明天我要离开是什么歌	吃什么祛斑
脸上长闭口是什么原因导致的	大便次数少是什么原因	五六点是什么时辰	四史指的是什么	拐枣泡酒有什么功效

贾宝玉的玉是什么来历hcv7jop6ns8r.cn	男生喜欢什么礼物hcv8jop6ns8r.cn	拉肚子可以吃什么食物travellingsim.com	太平猴魁属于什么茶类hcv8jop9ns2r.cn	希尔福是什么药hcv8jop9ns3r.cn
樊字五行属什么hcv8jop5ns2r.cn	手指爆皮是什么原因hcv9jop8ns0r.cn	脑心通主治什么病hcv8jop0ns5r.cn	rom是什么意思hcv9jop5ns9r.cn	气性坏疽是什么病hcv8jop1ns9r.cn
颈动脉斑块吃什么药效果最好hcv8jop0ns9r.cn	七月八日是什么日子hcv8jop7ns1r.cn	码农是什么意思hcv8jop4ns5r.cn	狗与什么属相相冲hcv7jop6ns1r.cn	磷高有什么症状和危害helloaicloud.com
白骨精是什么动物hcv8jop6ns6r.cn	补钾吃什么食物hcv9jop4ns8r.cn	肝硬化是什么原因引起的hcv8jop3ns2r.cn	狐臭和腋臭有什么区别hcv9jop5ns1r.cn	浪琴军旗什么档次hcv8jop3ns7r.cn

揪心!"狼爸"捉毒蛇让女儿把玩零下30度徒步2小时

Use of term

Chronology

Civilizations and peoples

See also

References