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Lithium aluminium silicate mineral spodumene

Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust.

In mineralogy, the crystalline forms of silica (SiO₂) are usually considered to be tectosilicates, and they are classified as such in the Dana system (75.1). However, the Nickel-Strunz system classifies them as oxide minerals (4.DA). Silica is found in nature as the mineral quartz and its polymorphs.

On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that have been forming and re-working the crust for billions of years. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering, and diagenesis.

Diatomaceous earth, a biogenic form of silica as viewed under a microscope. The imaged region measures approximately 1.13 by 0.69 mm.

Living organisms also contribute to this geologic cycle. For example, a type of plankton known as diatoms construct their exoskeletons ("frustules") from silica extracted from seawater. The frustules of dead diatoms are a major constituent of deep ocean sediment, and of diatomaceous earth.

General structure

A silicate mineral is generally an inorganic compound consisting of subunits with the formula [SiO_2+n]^2n?. Although depicted as such, the description of silicates as anions is a simplification. Balancing the charges of the silicate anions are metal cations, M^x+. Typical cations are Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Na⁺. The Si-O-M linkage between the silicates and the metals are strong, polar-covalent bonds. Silicate anions ([SiO_2+n]^2n?) are invariably colorless, or when crushed to a fine powder, white. The colors of silicate minerals arise from the metal component, commonly iron.

In most silicate minerals, silicon is tetrahedral, being surrounded by four oxides. The coordination number of the oxides is variable except when it bridges two silicon centers, in which case the oxide has a coordination number of two.

Some silicon centers may be replaced by atoms of other elements, still bound to the four corner oxygen corners. If the substituted atom is not normally tetravalent, it usually contributes extra charge to the anion, which then requires extra cations. For example, in the mineral orthoclase [KAlSi
₃O
₈]
_n, the anion is a tridimensional network of tetrahedra in which all oxygen corners are shared. If all tetrahedra had silicon centers, the anion would be just neutral silica [SiO
₂]
_n. Replacement of one in every four silicon atoms by an aluminum atom results in the anion [AlSi
₃O^?
₈]
_n, whose charge is neutralized by the potassium cations K⁺
.

Main groups

In mineralogy, silicate minerals are classified into seven major groups according to the structure of their silicate anion:

Major group	Structure	Chemical formula	Example
Nesosilicates	isolated silicon tetrahedra	[SiO4]4?	olivine, garnet, zircon...
Sorosilicates	double tetrahedra	[Si2O7]6?	epidote, melilite group
Cyclosilicates	rings	[SinO3n]2n?	beryl group, tourmaline group
Inosilicates	single chain	[SinO3n]2n?	pyroxene group
Inosilicates	double chain	[Si4nO11n]6n?	amphibole group
Phyllosilicates	sheets	[Si2nO5n]2n?	micas and clays
Tectosilicates	3D framework	[AlxSiyO(2x+2y)]x?	quartz, feldspars, zeolites

Tectosilicates can only have additional cations if some of the silicon is replaced by an atom of lower valence such as aluminum. Al for Si substitution is common.

Nesosilicates or orthosilicates

Orthosilicate anion SiO^4?
₄. The grey ball represents the silicon atom, and the red balls are the oxygen atoms.

Nesosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology in South Dakota

Main category: Nesosilicates

Nesosilicates (from Greek ν?σο? nēsos 'island'), or orthosilicates, have the orthosilicate ion, present as isolated (insular) [SiO₄]^4? tetrahedra connected only by interstitial cations. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.A –examples include:

• Phenakite group
  • Phenakite – Be₂SiO₄
  • Willemite – Zn₂SiO₄
• Olivine group
  • Forsterite – Mg₂SiO₄
  • Fayalite – Fe₂SiO₄
  • Tephroite – Mn₂SiO₄
• Garnet group
  • Pyrope – Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Almandine – Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Spessartine – Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Grossular – Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Andradite – Ca₃Fe₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Uvarovite – Ca₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Hydrogrossular – Ca
    ₃Al
    ₂Si
    ₂O
    ₈(SiO
    ₄)
    _3?m(OH)
    _4m
• Zircon group
  • Zircon – ZrSiO₄
  • Thorite – (Th,U)SiO₄
  • Hafnon – (Hf,Zr)SiO₄

Kyanite crystals (unknown scale)

• Al₂SiO₅ group
  • Andalusite – Al₂SiO₅
  • Kyanite – Al₂SiO₅
  • Sillimanite – Al₂SiO₅
  • Dumortierite – Al
    _6.5–7BO
    ₃(SiO
    ₄)
    ₃(O,OH)
    ₃
  • Topaz – Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂
  • Staurolite – Fe₂Al₉(SiO₄)₄(O,OH)₂
• Humite group – (Mg,Fe)₇(SiO₄)₃(F,OH)₂
  • Norbergite – Mg₃(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
  • Chondrodite – Mg₅(SiO₄)₂(F,OH)₂
  • Humite – Mg₇(SiO₄)₃(F,OH)₂
  • Clinohumite – Mg₉(SiO₄)₄(F,OH)₂
• Datolite – CaBSiO₄(OH)
• Titanite – CaTiSiO₅
• Chloritoid – (Fe,Mg,Mn)₂Al₄Si₂O₁₀(OH)₄
• Mullite (aka Porcelainite) – Al₆Si₂O₁₃

Sorosilicates

Pyrosilicate anion Si
₂O^6?
₇

Sorosilicate exhibit at Museum of Geology in South Dakota

Main category: Sorosilicates

Sorosilicates (from Greek σωρ?? sōros 'heap, mound') have isolated pyrosilicate anions Si
₂O^6?
₇, consisting of double tetrahedra with a shared oxygen vertex—a silicon:oxygen ratio of 2:7. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.B. Examples include:

• Thortveitite – (Sc,Y)₂(Si₂O₇)
• Hemimorphite (calamine) – Zn₄(Si₂O₇)(OH)₂·H₂O
• Lawsonite – CaAl₂(Si₂O₇)(OH)₂·H₂O
• Axinite – (Ca,Fe,Mn)₃Al₂(BO₃)(Si₄O₁₂)(OH)
• Ilvaite – CaFe^II₂Fe^IIIO(Si₂O₇)(OH)
• Epidote group (has both (SiO₄)^4? and (Si₂O₇)^6? groups}
  • Epidote – Ca₂(Al,Fe)₃O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH)
  • Zoisite – Ca₂Al₃O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH)
    • Tanzanite – Ca₂Al₃O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH)
  • Clinozoisite – Ca₂Al₃O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH)
  • Allanite – Ca(Ce,La,Y,Ca)Al₂(Fe^II,Fe^III)O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH)
  • Dollaseite-(Ce) – CaCeMg₂AlSi₃O₁₁F(OH)
• Vesuvianite (idocrase) – Ca₁₀(Mg,Fe)₂Al₄(SiO₄)₅(Si₂O₇)₂(OH)₄

Cyclosilicates

Main category: Cyclosilicates

Cyclosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology, South Dakota

Pezzottaite

Bazzite

Cyclosilicates (from Greek κ?κλο? kyklos 'circle'), or ring silicates, have three or more tetrahedra linked in a ring. The general formula is (Si_xO_3x)^2x?, where one or more silicon atoms can be replaced by other 4-coordinated atom(s). The silicon:oxygen ratio is 1:3. Double rings have the formula (Si_2xO_5x)^2x? or a 2:5 ratio. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.C. Possible ring sizes include:

• 
  6 units [Si₆O₁₈], beryl (red: Si, blue: O)
• 
  3 units [Si₃O₉], benitoite
• 
  4 units [Si₄O₁₂], papagoite
• 
  9 units [Si₉O₂₇], eudialyte
• 
  12 units, double ring [Si₁₂O₃₀], milarite

Some example minerals are:

• 3-member single ring
  • Benitoite – BaTi(Si₃O₉)
• 4-member single ring
  • Papagoite – CaCuAlSi
    ₂O
    ₆(OH)
    ₃.
• 6-member single ring
  • Beryl – Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
  • Bazzite – Be₃Sc₂(Si₆O₁₈)
  • Sugilite – KNa₂(Fe,Mn,Al)₂Li₃Si₁₂O₃₀
  • Tourmaline – (Na,Ca)(Al,Li,Mg)
    _3–(Al,Fe,Mn)
    ₆(Si
    ₆O
    ₁₈)(BO
    ₃)
    ₃(OH)
    ₄
  • Pezzottaite – Cs(Be₂Li)Al₂Si₆O₁₈
  • Osumilite – (K,Na)(Fe,Mg)₂(Al,Fe)₃(Si,Al)₁₂O₃₀
  • Cordierite – (Mg,Fe)₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈
  • Sekaninaite – (Fe⁺²,Mg)₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈
• 9-member single ring
  • Eudialyte – Na
    ₁₅Ca
    ₆(Fe,Mn)
    ₃Zr
    ₃SiO(O,OH,H
    ₂O)
    ₃(Si
    ₃O
    ₉)
    ₂(Si
    ₉O
    ₂₇)
    ₂(OH,Cl)
    ₂
• 6-member double ring
  • Milarite – K₂Ca₄Al₂Be₄(Si₂₄O₆₀)H₂O

The ring in axinite contains two B and four Si tetrahedra and is highly distorted compared to the other 6-member ring cyclosilicates.

Inosilicates

Main category: Inosilicates

Inosilicates (from Greek ?? is [genitive: ?ν?? inos] 'fibre'), or chain silicates, have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either SiO₃, 1:3 ratio, for single chains or Si₄O₁₁, 4:11 ratio, for double chains. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.D – examples include:

Single chain inosilicates

• Pyroxene group
  • Enstatite – orthoferrosilite series
    • Enstatite – MgSiO₃
    • Ferrosilite – FeSiO₃
  • Pigeonite – Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)_1.75Si₂O₆
  • Diopside – hedenbergite series
    • Diopside – CaMgSi₂O₆
    • Hedenbergite – CaFeSi₂O₆
    • Augite – (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₆
  • Sodium pyroxene series
    • Jadeite – NaAlSi₂O₆
    • Aegirine (or acmite) – NaFe^IIISi₂O₆
  • Spodumene – LiAlSi₂O₆
  • Pyroxferroite - (Fe,Ca)SiO₃
• Pyroxenoid group
  • Wollastonite – CaSiO₃
  • Rhodonite – MnSiO₃
  • Pectolite – NaCa₂(Si₃O₈)(OH)

Double chain inosilicates

• Amphibole group
  • Anthophyllite – (Mg,Fe)₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
  • Cummingtonite series
    • Cummingtonite – Fe₂Mg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
    • Grunerite – Fe₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
  • Tremolite series
    • Tremolite – Ca₂Mg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
    • Actinolite – Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
  • Hornblende – (Ca,Na)
    _2–3(Mg,Fe,Al)
    ₅Si
    ₆(Al,Si)
    ₂O
    ₂₂(OH)
    ₂
  • Sodium amphibole group
    • Glaucophane – Na₂Mg₃Al₂Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
    • Riebeckite (asbestos) – Na₂Fe^II₃Fe^III₂Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
    • Arfvedsonite – Na₃(Fe,Mg)₄FeSi₈O₂₂(OH)₂

• 
  Inosilicate, pyroxene family, with 2-periodic single chain (Si₂O₆), diopside
• 
  Inosilicate, clinoamphibole, with 2-periodic double chains (Si₄O₁₁), tremolite
• 
  Inosilicate, unbranched 3-periodic single chain of wollastonite
• 
  Inosilicate with 5-periodic single chain, rhodonite
• 
  Inosilicate with cyclic branched 8-periodic chain, pellyite

Phyllosilicates

Main category: Phyllosilicates

Phyllosilicates (from Greek φ?λλον phyllon 'leaf'), or sheet silicates, form parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with Si₂O₅ or a 2:5 ratio. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.E. All phyllosilicate minerals are hydrated, with either water or hydroxyl groups attached. Many phyllosilicates are clay-forming and may be further classified as 1:1 clay minerals (one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet) and 2:1 clay minerals (one octahedral sheet between two tetrahedral sheets). Below is a list of the phyllosilicate mineral species that currently have articles on Wikipedia, with their chemical formulas and important varieties:

Kaolinite

• Ajoite – (K,Na)Cu₇AlSi₉O₂₄(OH)₆·3H₂O
• Allophane – (Al₂O₃)(SiO₂)_1.3-2·2.5-3H₂O
• Apophyllite group
  • Fluorapophyllite-(K) – KCa₄(Si₈O₂₂)F·8H₂O
• Armstrongite – CaZr(Si₆O₁₅)·3H₂O
• Bannisterite – (Ca,K,Na)(Mn²⁺,Fe²⁺)₁₀(Si,Al)₁₆O₃₈(OH)₈·nH₂O
• Carletonite – KNa₄Ca₄Si₈O₁₈(CO₃)₄(OH,F)·H₂O
• Cavansite – Ca(VO)Si₄O₁₀·4H₂O    (dimorph of pentagonite)
• Chapmanite – Fe³⁺₂Sb³⁺(Si₂O₅)O₃(OH)
• Chlorite group – (Al,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺Li,Mg,Mn,Ni)_5?6(Al,Fe³⁺,Si)₄(O,OH)₁₈    (2:1:1 clays)
  • Chamosite – (Fe²⁺,Mg,Al,Fe³⁺)₆(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH,O)₈    (Fe endmember)
    • Thuringite – (Fe,Fe,Mg,Al)₆(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(O,OH)₈    (Fe-rich variety of chamosite)
  • Clinochlore – Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈    (Mg endmember)
    • Seraphinite – variety of clinochlore with a radiating structure
  • Cookeite – (LiAl₄?)[AlSi₃O₁₀](OH)₈
  • Delessite – (Mg,Fe,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(O,OH)₈
  • Sudoite – Mg₂Al₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀)(OH)₈
• Chrysocolla – Cu_2?xAlx(H_2?xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄·nH₂O, x < 1
• Cymrite – BaAl₂Si₂(O,OH)₈·H₂O
• Ekanite – Ca₂ThSi₈O₂₀
• Ganophyllite – (K,Na,Ca)₂Mn₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₂·8H₂O
• Gyrolite – NaCa₁₆Si₂₃AlO₆₀(OH)₈·14H₂O
• Hisingerite – Fe³⁺₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄·2H₂O
• Imogolite – Al₂SiO₃(OH)₄
• Kampfite – Ba₁₂(Si₁₁Al₅)O₃₁(CO₃)₈Cl₅
• Kaolinite-Serpentine group
  • Greenalite – (Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)_2?3Si₂O₅(OH)₄
  • Kaolinite subgroup    (1:1 clays)
    • Dickite – Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
    • Kaolinite – Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄
    • Halloysite – Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄
  • Serpentine subgroup
    • Amesite – Mg₂Al(AlSiO₅)(OH)₄
    • Antigorite – Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄
      • Bowenite – Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄    (yellow-green variety of antigorite)
    • Caryopilite – Mn²⁺₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄
    • Chrysotile – Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄
    • Cronstedtite – Fe²⁺₂Fe³⁺((Si,Fe³⁺)₂O₅)(OH)₄
    • Fraipontite – (Zn,Al)₃((Si,Al)₂O₅)(OH)₄
    • Lizardite – Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄
    • Népouite – Ni₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄
    • Pecoraite – Ni₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
• Kegelite – Pb₈Al₄(Si₈O₂₀)(SO₄)₂(CO₃)₄(OH)₈
• Kerolite – (Mg,Ni)₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂·nH₂O
• Macaulayite – (Fe,Al)₂₄Si₄O₄₃(OH)₂
• Macdonaldite – BaCa₄Si₁₆O₃₆(OH)₂·10H₂O
• Magadiite – Na₂Si₁₄O₂₉·11H₂O
• Mica group
  • Brittle mica group
    • Anandite – (Ba,K)(Fe²⁺,Mg)₃((Si,Al,Fe)₄O₁₀)(S,OH)₂
    • Bityite – CaLiAl₂(AlBeSi₂O₁₀)(OH)₂
    • Clintonite – CaAlMg₂(SiAl₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
    • Margarite – CaAl₂(Al₂Si₂)O₁₀(OH)₂
  • Dioctahedral mica group
    • Celadonite subgroup
      • Aluminoceladonite – K(MgAl?)(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂
      • Celadonite – K(MgFe³⁺?)(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂
    • Glauconite – K_0.60?0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
    • Muscovite – KAl₂(AlSi₃)O₁₀(OH)₂
      • Fuchsite – K(Al,Cr)₃Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂    (Cr replaces Al in muscovite)
      • Illite – K_0.6?0.85(Al,Mg)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH)₂    (K-deficient muscovite)    (2:1 clay)
      • Mariposite – K(Al,Cr)₂(Al,Si)₄O₁₀(OH)₂    (Cr-bearing muscovite)
      • Phengite – KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂    (Fe/Mg-bearing muscovite)
      • Sericite – KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
    • Paragonite – NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
      • Brammallite – NaAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂    (Na-deficient variety of paragonite)
    • Roscoelite – K(V³⁺,Al)₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
  • Trioctahedral mica group
    • Aspidolite – NaMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
    • Biotite subgroup – K(Fe²⁺,Mg)₂(Al,Fe³⁺,Mg,Ti)([Si,Al,Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH,F)₂
      • Annite – KFe²⁺₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂    (Fe endmember)
      • Manganophyllite – K(Fe,Mg,Mn)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂    (Mn-rich variety of biotite)
      • Phlogopite – KMg₃(AlSi₃)O₁₀(OH)₂    (Mg endmember)
      • Siderophyllite – KFe²⁺₂Al(Al₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH)₂
    • Ephesite – NaLiAl₂(Al₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH)₂
    • Hendricksite – KZn₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂
    • Lepidolite (polylithionite-trilithionite series) – K(Li₂,Li_1.5Al_1.5)AlSi_3?4O₁₀(F,OH)₂
    • Zinnwaldite series – KFe²⁺₂Al(Al₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH)₂
• Nelenite – (Mn,Fe)₁₆(Si₁₂O₃₀)(OH)₁₄[As³⁺₃O₆(OH)₃]
• Neptunite – KNa₂Li(Fe²⁺)₂Ti₂[Si₄O₁₂]₂
• Okenite – Ca₁₀Si₁₈O₄₆·18H₂O
• Palygorskite group    (2:1 clays)
  • Palygorskite – ?Al₂Mg₂?₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄·4H₂O
  • Tuperssuatsiaite – Fe³⁺Fe³⁺₂(Na?)?₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄·2H₂O
• Pentagonite – Ca(VO)Si₄O₁₀·4H₂O    (dimorph of cavansite)
• Pyrophyllite-Talc group
  • Minnesotaite – Fe²⁺₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
  • Pyrophyllite – Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
  • Talc – Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂    (2:1 clay)
• Sanbornite – BaSi₂O₅
• Searlesite – Na(H₂BSi₂O₇)
• Sepiolite – Mg₄(Si₆O₁₅)(OH)₂·6H₂O    (2:1 clay)
  • Falcondoite – (Ni,Mg)₄Si₆O₁₅(OH)₂·6H₂O    (Ni analogue of sepiolite)
• Smectite group    (2:1 clays)
  • Aliettite – Ca_0.2Mg₆((Si,Al)₈O₂₀)(OH)₄·4H₂O
  • Hectorite – Na_0.3(Mg,Li)₃(Si₄O₁₀)(F,OH)₂
  • Montmorillonite – (Na,Ca)_0.33(Al,Mg)₂(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂·nH₂O
  • Nontronite – Na_0.3Fe₂((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂·nH₂O
  • Pimelite – Ni₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂·4H₂O
  • Saliotite – (Li,Na)Al₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₅
  • Saponite – Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂·nH₂O
  • Sauconite – Na_0.3Zn₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂·4H₂O
  • Stevensite – (Ca,Na)_xMg_3?x(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂
• Stilpnomelane group
  • Franklinphilite – (K,Na)₄(Mn²⁺,Mg,Zn)₄₈(Si,Al)₇₂(O,OH)₂₁₆·6H₂O
  • Stilpnomelane – (K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆·nH₂O
• Tumchaite – Na₂Zr(Si₄O₁₁)·2H₂O
• Ussingite – Na₂AlSi₃O₈OH
• Vermiculite – Mg_0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄·8H₂O    (2:1 clay)
• Zakharovite – Na₄Mn₅Si₁₀O₂₄(OH)₆·6H₂O
• Zussmanite – K(Fe,Mg,Mn)₁₃(Si,Al)₁₈O₄₂(OH)₁₄

• 
  Phyllosilicate, mica group, muscovite (red: Si, blue: O)
• 
  Phyllosilicate, single net of tetrahedra with 4-membered rings, apophyllite-(KF)-apophyllite-(KOH) series
• 
  Phyllosilicate, single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, pyrosmalite-(Fe)-pyrosmalite-(Mn) series
• 
  Phyllosilicate, single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, zeophyllite
• 
  Phyllosilicate, double nets with 4- and 6-membered rings, carletonite

Tectosilicates

Main category: Tectosilicates

Silica family (SiO₂ 3D network), β-quartz

Aluminosilicate family, the 3D model of synthetic zeolite ZSM-5

Quartz

Lunar ferroan anorthosite (plagioclase feldspar) collected by Apollo 16 astronauts from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater

Tectosilicates, or "framework silicates," have a three-dimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra with SiO₂ in a 1:2 ratio. This group comprises nearly 75% of the crust of the Earth. Tectosilicates, with the exception of the quartz group, are aluminosilicates. The Nickel–Strunz classifications are 9.F (tectosilicates without zeolitic H₂O), 9.G (tectosilicates with zeolitic H₂O), and 4.DA (quartz/silica group). Below is a list of the tectosilicate mineral species that currently have articles on Wikipedia, with their chemical formulas and important varieties:

• Quartz group (silica) – SiO₂
  • α-quartz – trigonal, quartz under 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F)
  • β-quartz – hexagonal, high-temperature quartz
  • Chalcedony – cryptocrystalline variety of silica composed mostly of quartz with some moganite
    • Agate – banded variety of chalcedony
  • Coesite – monoclinic polymorph
  • Cristobalite – tetragonal polymorph
  • Moganite – monoclinic polymorph
  • Stishovite – hard and dense tetragonal polymorph
  • Tridymite – orthorhombic polymorph
• Feldspar group
  • Alkali feldspar series (potassium feldspars or K-spar)
    • Microcline – KAlSi₃O₈
      • Amazonite – green variety of microcline
    • Orthoclase – KAlSi₃O₈
      • Moonstone – opalescent variety of orthoclase
    • Anorthoclase – (Na,K)AlSi₃O₈
    • Sanidine – KAlSi₃O₈
  • Plagioclase feldspar series
    • Albite – NaAlSi₃O₈    (Na endmember)
    • Oligoclase – (Na,Ca)Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈    (Na:Ca 90:10 to 70:30)
    • Andesine – (Na,Ca)Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈    (Na:Ca 50:50 to 70:30)
    • Labradorite – (Ca,Na)Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈    (Na:Ca 30:70 to 50:50)
    • Bytownite – (Ca,Na)Al(Al,Si)Si₂O₈    (Na:Ca 10:90 to 30:70)
    • Anorthite – CaAl₂Si₂O₈    (Ca endmember)
  • Other feldspars
    • Buddingtonite — NH₄AlSi₃O₈
    • Celsian – BaAl₂Si₂O₈
    • Hyalophane – (K,Ba)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
    • Rubicline – (RbAlSi₃O₈
• Feldspathoid group
  • Cancrinite subgroup
    • Afghanite – (Na,K)₂₂Ca₁₀[Si₂₄Al₂₄O₉₆](SO₄)₆Cl₆
    • Alloriite – (Na,Ca,K)₂₆Ca₄(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)₄(SO₄)₆Cl₆
    • Bystrite – (Na,K)₇Ca(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(S₅)Cl
    • Cancrinite – (Na,Ca,?)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(CO₃,SO₄)₂·2H₂O
    • Farneseite – (Na,Ca,K)₅₆(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)₇(SO₄)₁₂·6H₂O
    • Sacrofanite – (Na₆₁K₁₉Ca₃₂)(Si₈₄Al₈₄O₃₃₆)(SO₄)₂₆Cl₂F₆·2H₂O
    • Vishnevite – (Na,K)₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(SO₄,CO₃)·2H₂O
  • Danalite – Be₃Fe2?₄(SiO₄)₃S
  • Kalsilite – KAlSiO₄
  • Leucite – K(AlSi₂O₆)
  • Nepheline subgroup
    • Davidsmithite – (Ca,?)₂Na₆Al₈Si₈O₃₂
    • Nepheline – Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
  • Sodalite subgroup
    • Hauyne – Na₃Ca(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂(SO₄)
    • Lazurite – Na₇Ca(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(SO₄)(S₃)·H₂O
    • Nosean – Na₈(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(SO₄)·H₂O
    • Sodalite – Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
    • Tugtupite – Na₄(BeAlSi₄O₁₂)Cl
• Scapolite group
  • Marialite – Na₄Al₃Si₉O₂₄Cl
  • Meionite – Ca₄Al₆Si₆O₂₄CO₃
• Zeolite group
  • Amicite – K₂Na₂Al₄Si₄O₁₆·5H₂O
  • Analcime – Na(AlSi₂O₆)·H₂O
  • Brewsterite subgroup – (Ba,Sr,Ca)Al₂Si₆O₁₆·5H₂O
  • Chabazite-Lévyne subgroup
    • Chabazite – M[Al₂Si₄O₁₂]·6H₂O
    • Lévyne – (Ca_1?2,Na_1?2,K₂)Al₂Si₄O₁₂·6H₂O
  • Clinoptilolite subgroup – (Na,Ca,K)_3?6(Al_6?7Si_29?30O₇₂)·20H₂O
  • Cowlesite – CaAl₂Si₃O₁₀·6H₂O
  • Dachiardite-K – K₄(Si₂₀Al₄O₄₈)·13H₂O
  • Edingtonite – BaAl₂Si₃O₁₀·4H₂O
  • Erionite subgroup – (Na_1?2,K_1?2,Ca_1?2)₂Al₄Si₁₄O₃₆·15H₂O
  • Faujasite subgroup – (Na_1?2,Ca_1?2,Mg_1?2)_3.5[Al₇Si₁₇O₄₈]·32H₂O
  • Ferrierite subgroup – [Mg₂(K,Na)₂Ca_0.5](Si₂₉Al₇)O₇₂·18H₂O    (Ferrierite-Mg)
  • Garronite-Ca – Na₂Ca₅Al₁₂Si₂₀O₆₄·27H₂O
  • Gismondine – CaAl₂Si₂O₈·4H₂O    (Gismondine-Ca)
  • Gmelinite subgroup – Na₄(Si₈Al₄)O₂₄·11H₂O    (Gmelinite-Na)
  • Heulandite subgroup – (Na,Ca,K)_5?6[Al_8?9Si_27?28O₇₂]·nH₂O
  • Hsianghualite – Ca₃Li₂(Be₃Si₃O₁₂)F₂
  • Laumontite – CaAl₂Si₄O₁₂·4H₂O
  • Mordenite – (Na₂,Ca,K₂)₄(Al₈Si₄₀)O₉₆·28H₂O
  • Nabesite – Na₂BeSi₄O₁₀·4H₂O
  • Natrolite subgroup
    • Gonnardite – (Na,Ca)₂(Si,Al)₅O₁₀·3H₂O
    • Mesolite – Na₂Ca₂Si₉Al₆O₃₀·8H₂O
    • Natrolite – Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀·2H₂O
    • Scolecite – CaAl₂Si₃O₁₀·3H₂O
  • Paulingite subgroup – (K₂,Ca,Na₂,Ba)₅[Al₁₀Si₃₅O₉₀]·45H₂O    (Paulingite-K)
  • Phillipsite subgroup
    • Harmotome – (Ba₂(Si₁₂Al₄)O₃₂·12H₂O
    • Phillipsite – (Ca₃(Si₁₀Al₆)O₃₂·12H₂O    (Phillipsite-Ca)
  • Pollucite – (Cs,Na)₂(Al₂Si₄O₁₂)·2H₂O
  • Stilbite subgroup
    • Barrerite – Na₂(Si₇Al₂)O₁₈·6H₂O
    • Stellerite – Ca₄(Si₂₈Al₈)O₇₂·28H₂O
    • Stilbite – (NaCa₄,Na₉)(Si₂₇Al₉)O₇₂·28H₂O
  • Thomsonite subgroup – NaCa₂Al₅Si₅O₂₀·6H₂O    (Thomsonite-Ca)
  • Wairakite – Ca(Al₂Si₄O₁₂)·2H₂O
  • Yugawaralite – CaAl₂Si₆O₁₆·4H₂O

See also

• Classification of non-silicate minerals – List of IMA recognized minerals and groupings
• Classification of silicate minerals – List of IMA recognized minerals and groupings
• Silicate mineral paint – Paint coats with mineral binding agents

External links

• Mindat.org, Dana classification
• Webmineral : Dana's New Silicate Classification