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===Spread of universal religions===
{{Main|History of religion}}
[[File:Siege of Antioch, France, Lyon, Municipal Library, Ms 828 f. 033.jpg|thumb|Siege of Antioch (picture from {{Circa|1280}}.) Religious wars were common in post-classical times. One of the largest was the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]].]]

Religion that envisaged the possibility that all humans could be included in a universal order had emerged already in the first millennium BCE, particularly with [[Buddhism]]. In the following millennium, Buddhism was joined by two other major, universalizing, missionary religions, both developing from [[Judaism]]: [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. By the end of the period, these three religions were between them widespread, and often politically dominant, across the Old World.<ref name="Yuval Noah Harari 2014">Yuval Noah Harari, ''[[Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind]]'', trans. by Yuval Noah Harari, John Purcell and Haim Watzman (London: Harvill Secker, 2014), {{ISBN|978-1-84655-823-8|978-1-84655-824-5}}, chapter 12.</ref>
* Buddhism spread from India into China and flourished there briefly before using it as a hub to spread to Japan, Korea, and Vietnam;{{sfn|Bowman|2000|pages=162–167}} a similar effect occurred with Confucian revivalism in the later centuries.<ref name="Yuval Noah Harari 2014"/>
* Christianity had become the [[Christianity as the Roman state religion|state church of the Roman Empire]] in 380, and continued spreading into northern and eastern Europe during the post-classical period at the expense of belief systems that Christians labelled [[Paganism|pagan]].{{sfn|Thompson|O'Toole|Patrick|Pruneski|2009|page=288}} An attempt was even made to incur upon the Middle East during the [[Crusades]]. The split of the [[Catholic Church]] in Western Europe and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in Eastern Europe encouraged religious and cultural diversity in Eurasia.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard |last=Fletcher |title=The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity, 371–1386&nbsp;AD |location=London |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1997}}</ref>
* Islam began between 610 and 632, with a series of revelations to [[Muhammad]]. It helped unify the warring [[Bedouin]] clans of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and, through a rapid series of [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], became established to the west across [[Arab conquest of Egypt|North Africa]], the [[Muslim conquest of Spain|Iberian Peninsula]], and parts of [[Islam in Africa|West Africa]], and to the east across [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Persia]], [[Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin|Central Asia]], [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|India]], and [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|Indonesia]].{{sfn|Silverstein|2010|pp=9–35}}

Outside of Eurasia, religion or otherwise a veneration of the supernatural was also used to reinforce power structures, articulate world views and create foundational myths for society. Mesoamerican cosmological narratives are an example of this.{{sfn|Holmes|Standen|2018|p=16}}